| 1 | I | 1-16 | Aim of the study (statistics of Jews as a test of the old accusation that Jews exploit the native population) and why 1765-1791 was chosen. Historical survey of Jewish censuses in Poland-Lithuania 1549-1764: 1549 Sigismund August poll tax of 1 zl per male and female head (Jews on noble estates, 'żydzi szlacheccy', not taxed at first); collector counted only 16,589 souls in Poland+Lithuania (distrusted, ~200,000 expected); 1578 Batory: collector + assistant + kahal elders + members of voivodeship court, oath on the commandments, elders pay the tax for the whole kahal; 1588: town (Magdeburg) courts and, in villages, estate owners/administrators, fine 200 zl for false counts, every Jew to appear before the magistrate with his family; 1589-90 lump sums (20,000 zl); from 1591 back to the 1578 method until 1764; tax fixed at 105,000 zl (1661), 110,000 zl (1717), unchanged to 1764. The 1764 Sejm law (commissioners, lustrators, 5-year validity) and why it is more reliable. Then the legal and economic position of Jews at the time of the censuses: settlement (villages from c.1460-95, bans in Kiev and Kamianets-Podilskyi, Zhytomyr claim), property (1678 ban on real estate), leases (arenda) of state taxes and of mills, distilleries, breweries, town and village taverns, folwarks - hereditary leases (1690 Kiev sejmik; 1707 Chernobyl lease Sapieha/Józefowicz/Jakubowicz decided by Pinsk kahal), trade (1538, 1557, 1567 limits), money-lending, crafts as mere intermediaries, farming practically absent in the 18th c. | Poland-Lithuania, historical (1549-1764), then general legal situation 1764-91; Southwest region (Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Bracław voivodeships) | |
| 2 | II | 16-23 | 1765 census of Kiev voivodeship (Kiev, Zhytomyr, Ovruch powiats): numbers of towns, townlets and villages with Jews, Jews in each category, mean souls per town/townlet/village, ranking of towns (e.g. Biała Cerkiew 1457, Pohrebyshche 664, Bohuslav 574), ranking of 'kahal districts (parishes)' by Jews per village, geography of density (denser in west/centre, thin near Muscovite and Zaporozhian border), town/village proportions. | Kiev voivodeship, census 1765 (one mention of 'перепись 1766 года' for Zhytomyr is a slip) | Kiev powiat towns ranked by number of Jews (about 35 towns, two columns, 'более населенные' and 'менее населенные' lists) Kiev powiat kahal districts (about 36) ranked by Jews per village (9.82 Smila ... 3.37 Bilopil') Zhytomyr powiat towns (about 25) ranked by Jews; kahal districts (16) ranked by Jews per village Ovruch powiat towns and kahal districts ranked (Ovruch 503, Chernobyl 477, Bragin 260; Olevsk district 9.76 ... Narodichi 3.95) |
| 3 | III | 23-32 | 1765 census of Volhynia voivodeship (Lutsk, Volodymyr, Kremenets powiats). The census is incomplete: Kremenets powiat lists only towns, villages not named or counted (848 villages for Kremenets estimated by the editor from the 1807 work 'Polen zur Zeit der zwei letzten Theilungen', p.292, to reach 2,113 villages for the voivodeship). Rankings of towns and kahal districts for each powiat (Dubno 2005, Ostroh 1777, Lutsk 1116 = 1012 Jews + 104 Karaites; Volodymyr 1327, Kovel 825; Zaslavl Old 2047, Starokostiantyniv 1319), geography of density, comparison with Kiev voivodeship. | Volhynia voivodeship, 1765 | Lutsk powiat: towns ranked by Jews (about 45 entries in 3 blocks), kahal districts (about 40) ranked by Jews per village (Myliatyn 15.80 ... Kolkiv 4.68, Olyka 4.58, Tuchyn 4.30) Volodymyr powiat: towns ranked (Volodymyr 1327, Kovel 825, Lokachi 679, Turiisk 504 ... Petrovichi 9) and kahal districts (Ozdiutychi 20 per village ... Ustyluh 4.94) Kremenets powiat: towns ranked (about 75 entries), and kahal districts ranked by total Jews of the district (Zaslavl 984, Starokostiantyniv 407 ... Lanovets 25) because villages are not itemised Per-powiat comparison of density: Lutsk 326.80 / Kremenets 319.32 / Volodymyr 311.68 (pooled town+townlet) |
| 4 | IV | 33-37 | 1765 census of Podolia voivodeship (Kamianets, Chervonohrod, Letychiv powiats). One joint census for Kamianets and Chervonohrod (detailed, by town and village); very summary one for Letychiv, where each town is given with its villages in one combined sum. Rankings of towns (Satanów 1369, Husiatyn 1144, Zhvanets 1134, Dunaigród 1129), kahal districts by Jews per village (Chertsytsi 24.85 ... Zalishchyky 3.00), Letychiv kahals ranked by total (Sharhorod 2219, Mezhybizh 2039, Bar 1477, Khmilnyk 1417). | Podolia voivodeship, 1765 | Kamianets+Chervonohrod: towns ranked (about 75 entries), kahal districts (about 62) ranked by Jews per village Letychiv powiat: about 33 kahals ranked by total souls (no town/village split) |
| 5 | V | 37-40 | 1765 census of Bracław voivodeship - 'completely full' but both powiats (Bracław and Vinnytsia) treated together. Rankings of towns (Józefgród/Balta 756, Hranov 662, Braïliv 642, Miastkivka 604, Nemyriv 602) and kahal districts (Chechelnyk 16.27 ... Uman 3.29 Jews per village). South-east corner near Zaporozhia thinly populated. | Bracław voivodeship, 1765 | Towns ranked by Jews (about 70 entries in 3 blocks) Kahal districts (about 49) ranked by Jews per village |
| 6 | VI | 40-41 | Summary of the 1765 census: 131,782 Jews in the four voivodeships; town density ranking of powiats (Volhynia 311-326, Podolia 306, Bracław 290, Kiev 154-184) and village density ranking; density falls near the Muscovite/Zaporozhian frontier; urban:rural about 2:1 near the eastern border, 3:1 further west; Ovruch the exception (rural > urban). | All four voivodeships, 1765 | No table; ranking sentences with figures (town density per powiat, village density per powiat) |
| 7 | VII | 41-63 | Political-economic explanation of the 1765 settlement pattern: Jews as an 'alien tribe' living by arenda, propinacja and trade, so their density follows the density of the native population, peasant burdens, industry and trade. Anti-Jewish complaints (towns, Cossacks, 'Dziennik Handlowy' 1786-91, Korzon, anonymous 'O poddanych polskich' 1788). Haidamak raids and border security 1734-64; Uniate pressure; lack of Christian population figures; state of extraction industry, manufacturing (only distilleries flourish, all leased to Jews: lists of buda/huta/rudnia/hamernia in the census: 3 potash buda, 8 glass huta, 8 rudnia, 1 hamernia), trade routes (long lists of roads and rivers with the towns on them; most Jewish-dense towns on main roads and rivers), fairs (Berdychiv five fairs), specialised trade centres (Staro-Konstantinov; Zalishchyky cloth; Mohyliv horses; Sharhorod foreign trade), Volhynia as seat of Jewish diets (Olyka, Horokhiv, Polonne). § 6: peasant labour dues (Antonovych): Volhynia 231 days/yr worth 77.5 zl, Ovruch/Polesie and west Podolia 162 days = 54 zl, forest-steppe margin 82 days = 28 zl, Ukraine little or nothing - the heavier the dues the more Jews. § 7: village occupations of Jews limited to leases of mills, distilleries, taverns (korczma) and shinks; in towns trade second; 'there is hardly a village without a Jewish lessee'; census confuses 'lessee' with 'Jew' and writes 'no lessee' where there is no Jew; exceptions in Berdychiv district (villages Pikovtsy, Markovny, Mshanets, Molotkovtsy without Jewish lessees; empty roadside taverns near Markushi and Semenivka). | Southwest region, background 1735-1765 | No statistical tables; long lists of road/river nodes, fairs, forests; labour-dues comparison by region (days and zloty) |
| 8 | VIII | 64-72 | Second census, 1775 (tax raised by the 1775 Sejm from 2 to 3 zl per head; censuses to be repeated every 3 years; Jews who personally till land exempt and merely noted; 1,000-hryvna penalty and prison; two senior kahal members + owners/administrators/voits give the data to lustrators under oath). Preserved only for Kiev, Zhytomyr, Kamianets, Bracław and Vinnytsia powiats. Kiev powiat 1775 and Zhytomyr powiat 1775 with percentage change per town vs 1765, per kahal district changes in Jews per village, newly appearing towns (Lysianka 104 ...), natural-increase assumption (1% per year in towns, ~0.05 persons per village per year), Ovruch only via 1773 starostwo description (96 Jewish families in Ovruch town, ~480 persons at 5 per family, -5% vs 1765). | Kiev voivodeship (Kiev, Zhytomyr, Ovruch town) 1775 (1773 for Ovruch) | Kiev powiat: towns with increase vs 1765 (9 towns), newly listed (15 settlements), towns with decrease (24 towns), full ranking in footnote (about 50 towns) Kiev powiat: villages: increase in 6 districts, decrease in about 23 districts (persons per village), new districts, footnote with all districts ranked Zhytomyr powiat: increase in 7 towns, decrease in 12 towns, ranking footnote; village districts increase in 4, decrease in 12 |
| 9 | IX | 72-75 | 1775 census of Volhynia: NOT preserved. Podolia 1775: Chervonohrod powiat had been detached (First Partition 1772, to Austria) and Letychiv gives no numbers; only Kamianets powiat preserved: change per town vs 1765 (towns: Savyntsi -82.6%, Ushytsia -81.2%, Yarmolyntsi -76.6%, Zhvanets -66.9%), village districts, ranking of towns (Satanów 889, Dunaigród 484, Zbrezh 481). | Volhynia 1775 (absent); Podolia 1775 (Kamianets powiat only) | Kamianets powiat 1775: towns' decrease percentages (about 28 towns); town ranking footnote (23 towns); village-district decreases (about 21 districts) and ranking footnote |
| 10 | X | 75-78 | 1775 (table elsewhere: 1776) census of Bracław voivodeship, covering both powiats as one: percentages change per town vs 1765 (increase in 15, decrease in about 55), village district changes, ranking of towns (Nemyriv 414, Yaniv 396, Braïliv 387, Murafa 374, Tulchyn 370), plague note (Kokhanivka: all Jews died; later text says 'plague 1771'). | Bracław voivodeship, 1775 (called 1776 in the stray summary table and in a later passage) | Towns with increase (15) and decrease (about 55) vs 1765, percent Village districts: increase in 22, decrease in 36, in persons per village Footnotes: ranking of towns (about 56) and districts by Jews per village (about 49) |
| 11 | XI | 78-80 | Plan to review 1775 and 1778 together; the small 1777 census of three kahal districts of Volodymyr powiat (part of Ustyluh, Dubenka, Korytnytsia) that had belonged to Chelm land/Bełz voivodeship, passed to Austria in 1772 and came back to Poland in 1775 (treaty articles). 2 townlets + 29 villages, 631 Jews (Dubenka 379, Korytnytsia 86). | Volhynia (Volodymyr powiat, 3 kahal districts) 1777 | No table; short ranking |
| 12 | XII | 80-90 | 1778 census (under the 1775 constitution, every three years). Of 1778 only the whole Kiev voivodeship and Lutsk powiat survive. Kiev voivodeship: totals, the editor re-sorts towns that the 1778 lustrators had mixed between powiats (he follows the 1765 administrative assignment); then Kiev, Zhytomyr, Ovruch powiats with town/village/kahal-district changes vs 1775 and 1765 and rankings; comparison of the three powiats and shift of Jews from towns to villages and to the south-east. | Kiev voivodeship (Kiev, Zhytomyr, Ovruch powiats) 1778 | Kiev powiat: increase list (20 towns), decrease list (about 40 towns), village increases (about 33 districts), decreases (11); footnotes: towns ranked (about 60), districts ranked (about 40) Zhytomyr powiat: increases (9), decreases (10), footnote town and district rankings Ovruch powiat: decreases in all 10 towns (Ovruch -84.69%); district lists |
| 13 | XIII | 90-94 | 1778 census of Lutsk powiat, the only Volhynian survivor from 1778: 26 towns, 28 townlets, 860 villages; 11,327 Jews; -51.43% vs 1765 (almost every town lost; only Mizoch +125%); Karaites in Lutsk -23.03% vs 1765; village districts mostly down. | Volhynia - Lutsk powiat, 1778 | Towns' decline percentages vs 1765 (about 58 towns) Village-district declines (about 50 districts); footnotes: towns ranked by Jews (Dubno 1394, Ostroh 963, Lutsk 622, Horokhiv 442, Olyka 383, Berestechko 382, Rivne 356 ...) and districts ranked by Jews per village (Druzhkopil 6.20 ... Lenchna 2.25) |
| 14 | XIV | 94-97 | Comparison of the fragmentary 1775 and 1778 censuses: strong loss everywhere vs 1765 (Kamianets -50%, Bracław -30.5%, Kiev -14.69%, Zhytomyr -10.36% in 1775; Lutsk -51.43%, Ovruch -47.38%, Zhytomyr -21.34% in 1778, Kiev +1.71%); movement from west/north to east/south; densities by powiat; shift of Jews from towns to villages (urban:rural ratios 1765 vs 1775/1778). | Kiev, Kamianets, Bracław, Lutsk 1775-1778 vs 1765 | Sentence-level comparisons of urban:rural ratios per powiat 1765/1775/1778 |
| 15 | XV | 97-110 | Causes of the 1765-1778 changes: Bar Confederation, Koliivshchyna/Uman massacre 1768, Russian-Turkish war 1770, plague of 1770 (more than half the population dead; Proskurov case: 516 deaths listed by social category), First Partition 1772, destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich 1775, Russian decree of 16 Nov 1769 allowing Jews to settle 'solely in New Russia', trade decline after Austrian/Prussian customs, fairs privileges granted 1766-1776 by town, history and volume of the Dubno contract chancery (moved from Lviv to Dubno 1773; entries per year 1774-1797), peasant dues and peasant land-holding (Antonovych), and a list by kahal district of 73 villages (1778, all in southern Kiev powiat and Dnieper region) leased by non-Jews: 'rusyni', 'moskale', 'chłopi', 'katolicy', 'wołoszyn'. | Southwest region 1765-1778 | List of Christian-leased villages 1778 by kahal district (about 20 districts, 73 villages) Dubno contract chancery: entries ('zapisy') and protests per year 1774-1797 (e.g. 1774: 197/86; 1781: 1,027/330; 1790: 1,545/269; 1792: 1,734/386; 1795: 113/168) Proskurov plague deaths 1770 by category (see key numbers) |
| 16 | XVI | 110-120 | 1784 census (universal of the treasury commission of 3 March 1784) for Kiev voivodeship: whole voivodeship, then Kiev powiat (28 towns, 26 townlets, 1003 villages; +32.87% vs 1778; +36% vs 1765; list of town increases and decreases), Zhytomyr powiat, Ovruch powiat (+22.29% vs 1778); rankings of towns and kahal districts in footnotes; comparison of the three powiats. | Kiev voivodeship 1784 | Kiev powiat: percent increase in about 55 towns, decrease in 6; village districts increases (about 21) and decreases (about 20) Zhytomyr powiat: increases (15) and decreases (4); village districts changes Ovruch powiat: all towns up (Lugyny +137%, Bragin +69%, Narodychi +65%); village districts |
| 17 | XVII | 120-128 | 1784 census of Volhynia: complete for Lutsk and Volodymyr powiats, Kremenets powiat absent (not entered into the acts books nor kept as loose booklets) - the editor estimates it from the 1765 ratios (about 11,546 Jews, so about 28,305 Jews in the voivodeship). Lutsk: changes by town and district vs 1778 and 1765, Karaites in the Lutsk suburb (+32.9% vs 1778). Volodymyr: compared with 1765 and with the 1777 three districts (Dubenka -0.79%, Korytnytsia -10.46% vs 1777). New towns: Ludwipol (43), Ostrożec Mały (40). | Volhynia - Lutsk and Volodymyr powiats, 1784; Kremenets missing | Lutsk powiat: increases (about 44 towns), decreases (5), village district changes, ranking footnotes (about 41 towns, 41 districts) Volodymyr powiat: town losses vs 1765 (16 towns), village-district changes, footnotes with ranking |
| 18 | XVIII | 129-134 | 1784 census of Podolia: Kamianets and Letychiv powiats (Chervonohrod now Austrian). Kamianets: +33.50% vs 1775; town gains (Sokolets +296%, Kaliush +264%) and losses; Letychiv: complete in 1784 but not comparable to the very short 1765 data; ranking of towns (Mohyliv 1,659, Sharhorod 1,202, Mezhybizh 928, Khmilnyk 792) and kahal districts (Zin'kiv 24, Bar 12.80). Number of Letychiv kahal districts: 29 (1765), 30 (1784); kahal district boundaries were unstable. | Podolia - Kamianets and Letychiv, 1784 | Kamianets: town gains (16) and losses (6), village-district changes, ranking footnotes (23 towns, 21 districts) Letychiv: towns ranked (about 38 towns), kahal districts ranked (about 30) |
| 19 | XIX | 135-141 | 1784 census of Bracław voivodeship, now itemised by powiat (Bracław and Vinnytsia). Percentage changes per town and per kahal district, rankings (Uman 987, Sokolivka 521, Teplyk 466; Nemyriv 1,004, Tulchyn 923), newly listed townlets (Torhovytsia 282, Holovanivske 125, Kytaihorod 105, Khoshchovate 87, Bohopil 80), Kokhanivka 13 (all had died in the 1771 plague per 1776 census). | Bracław voivodeship 1784 | Bracław powiat: town changes (24 +/-), village district changes, ranking footnotes Vinnytsia powiat: town changes (about 34), districts, ranking footnotes |
| 20 | XX | 141-143 | Summary of 1784: approx 104,008 Jews in the four voivodeships (Kremenets estimated), -21.00% vs 1765 (caused by loss of Chervonohrod powiat and halving in Volhynia/Podolia); ranking of powiats by town density (Letychiv 392.66, Vinnytsia 352.12, Kamianets 309.31, Bracław 302.70, Kiev 300.57, Zhytomyr 258.54, Volodymyr 229.22, Lutsk 215.30, Ovruch 196.25) and village density; first mention of HIDDEN Jews (укрывавшіеся) discovered with the help of Christians: Letychiv 11.07% of the total (9.91% in towns, 1.16% in villages), Lutsk 6.52% (5.65%/0.87%), Volodymyr 5.40% (not split); judged proof that the census is accurate and 'deserves full trust'. | All four voivodeships, 1784 | Footnotes: mean townlet density per powiat; mean pooled town+townlet density per powiat (Vinnytsia 330.49, Kamianets 304.52, Letychiv 285.17, Bracław 215.09, Lutsk 198.60, Kiev 182.18, Zhytomyr 163.45, Volodymyr 148.68, Ovruch 141.00) |
| 21 | XXI | 144-151 | Causes of the 1778-1784 changes: peace, end of haidamak raids (Sich destroyed 1775, Crimea annexed 1783), reforms, new factories and workshops (Korsun cloth/silk/brocade/suede + saltpetre works; Tarashcha mirror and glass; Makhnivka trading offices; Chornobyl soap; Veledniky Jewish united craft guild (tsekh); Korets factory town; Tulchyn, Nemyriv factories; Mohyliv wine), trade (customs on Austrian/Prussian border, Russian trade, canals, Prot Potocki and Tepper trading offices in Kherson, Makhnivka, Yampil; Black Sea company), new fair privileges 1776-1783, peasant dues rising; peasants renting taverns, mills (Christian-leased villages 1784: long list by kahal district; 122 villages, +56.41% vs 1778; none in Volhynia and Podolia, only Kiev and Bracław voivodeships). | Southwest region 1778-1784 | List of villages leased/held by Christians in 1784: ~45 Kiev kahal districts (e.g. Berdychiv: Fridrovka, Mala Klyhynka, Kropyvna with tavern; Korsun: 7 villages; Smila: 6; Chudniv...), ~10 Bracław districts |
| 22 | XXII | 152-158 | 1787 census, Kiev voivodeship: incomplete (Ovruch powiat entirely absent; fewer towns and villages entered than in 1784 because many were left out), Kiev powiat (24 towns, 17 townlets, 1000 villages) and Zhytomyr powiat (15 towns, 2 townlets, 314 villages) with changes vs 1784 per town and district; the editor guesses Ovruch +5% => 2,280 and Kiev voivodeship about 25,000. | Kiev voivodeship 1787 (Kiev and Zhytomyr powiats; Ovruch missing) | Kiev powiat: increases (21 towns), decreases (23 towns), village districts up (17) down (14), ranking footnotes (about 40) Zhytomyr powiat: increases (12), decreases (5), districts, rankings |
| 23 | XXIII | 159-166 | 1787 census of Volhynia (Lutsk and Volodymyr powiats; Kremenets missing; many towns/villages not entered): Lutsk 15,002 Jews (+16.50% vs 1784), Volodymyr 4,184 (+7.77%); town changes, village districts, Lutsk ranking Dubno 2,525, Ostroh 1,829; new townlets Hulcha 80 Jews and Horodnytsia 18; new Troyaniv kahal district without villages; editor estimates Kremenets about 12,120 (+5%) so Volhynia about 31,300. | Volhynia - Lutsk and Volodymyr, 1787 | Lutsk: gains in 38 towns, losses in 4; village districts up (22) down (7); ranking footnotes Volodymyr: gains in 17 settlements; village districts; ranking footnotes |
| 24 | XXIV | 166-172 | 1787 census of Podolia: Kamianets (23 towns, 1 townlet, 341 villages; 10,002 Jews, +15%) and Letychiv (33 towns, 2 townlets, 512 villages; 15,436, -1.65%), i.e. 56 towns, 3 townlets, 853 villages, 25,438 Jews in total (+1.33% vs 1784); village share rising (urban 1.8x rural vs 2.6x in 1784); town/village changes and rankings. | Podolia - Kamianets and Letychiv, 1787 | Kamianets: gains (16 towns), losses (16), districts; rankings (23 towns; 22 districts) Letychiv: gains (22), losses (23), districts, rankings (about 40 towns, 36 districts) |
| 25 | XXV | 172-179 | 1787 census of Bracław voivodeship (itemised by powiat): totals, then Bracław powiat (eastern; 24 towns, 8 townlets, 637 villages; 13,356 Jews, +8.84%) and Vinnytsia powiat (western; 25 towns, 0 townlets, 464 villages; 13,876, +4.91%); town and district changes and rankings; comparison of the two powiats. | Bracław voivodeship 1787 | Bracław powiat: gains (26 towns), losses (9), district changes; rankings (Uman 992, Tetiiv 541, Teplyk 531) Vinnytsia powiat: gains (28 towns), losses (5), district changes; rankings (Nemyriv 1,215, Tulchyn 859, Vinnytsia 691) |
| 26 | XXVI | 179-182 | Summary of 1787: estimated totals Kiev about 26,000, Volhynia about 30,000, Podolia 25,438, Bracław 27,232 = about 109,000 (+5% vs 1784's 104,000); powiats ranked by town and village density; urban:rural ratio ranking; percent growth vs 1784 by powiat; hidden Jews 1787: Lutsk 31.08% (25.40% in towns, 5.67% in villages), Letychiv 19.31% (9.45%/9.86%), Kamianets 16.92% (8.25%/8.66%), Volodymyr 8.38% (7.12%/1.26%), Bracław 4.70% (towns only); not given for Vinnytsia, Kiev, Zhytomyr. | All four voivodeships 1787 | Two-column comparison of percent growth by powiat in 1784 and 1787 |
| 27 | XXVII | 182-188 | Causes of the 1784-1787 changes: Kaniv meeting of Catherine II, Joseph II, Stanisław August (1787); Joseph II's expulsion of poor Jews from Austria 1786 (reports in Dziennik Handlowy of immigrants at Mohyliv, Rashkiv, Tomashpil), crafts recovering, more fairs, Dubno contracts at maximum; peasant dues keep rising; peasants as tavern lessees: 150 villages/slobody/taverns/rudnie free of Jews in 1787 (+22.95% vs 1784; long list by kahal district for Kiev, Volhynia, Bracław incl. first appearance in Volodymyr powiat) - editor stresses fight between Christians and Jews over tavern leases grows in Zhytomyr powiat, Bracław voivodeship and Volodymyr powiat; many empty taverns. | Southwest region 1784-1787 | List of ~150 places by kahal district where the Jewish lessee was replaced by a Christian or the tavern stood empty |
| 28 | XXVIII | 188-194 | From 1787 the regular entering of censuses into the acts books stops; only fragmentary censuses of 1789, 1790, 1791 survive. 1789: Zhytomyr powiat (13 towns, 15 townlets, 421 villages; 10,527 Jews, +51.29% vs 1787) and Kamianets powiat (24 towns, 1 townlet, 346 villages; 11,930 Jews, +19.27%): changes per town, village districts (restructured; ranking only), comparison of the two. | Kiev voivodeship (Zhytomyr powiat) 1789; Podolia (Kamianets powiat) 1789 | Zhytomyr 1789: gains (11 towns), losses (6), newly listed towns; rankings of ~27 towns and ~17 districts Kamianets 1789: gains (16 towns), losses (9), ranking footnotes (26 towns, 22 districts) |
| 29 | XXIX | 194-201 | 1790 censuses: Lutsk powiat only three kahals (Druzhkopil, Myliatyn, Horokhiv); Volodymyr powiat complete; Bracław voivodeship partial (34 towns, 6 townlets, 673 villages; 22,280 Jews, -18.19% vs 1787) with Bracław powiat (17/1/397; 12,107 Jews) and Vinnytsia powiat (17/5/276; 10,173 Jews) - kahal districts restructured so village comparisons are impossible; comparison of the three well-registered powiats. | Volhynia (Lutsk-3 kahals, Volodymyr) and Bracław, 1790 | Lutsk 3 kahals: Druzhkopil 269 (+71%), Myliatyn 11?(printed), Horokhiv 597; districts Druzhkopil 20 per village, Horokhiv 11.15, Myliatyn 11 Volodymyr 1790: gains in 16 towns, loss in Kamin'-Koshyrskyi (-28%), new Ratne 184 Jews and Mikhnivka 15; district changes; ranking footnotes Bracław 1790: gains in 15 towns, losses in 3; Vinnytsia: gains in 13, losses in 8; district rankings |
| 30 | XXX | 201-204 | 1791: only two censuses survive - Zhytomyr powiat (11 towns, 9 townlets, 327 villages; 9,119 Jews, -13.37% vs 1789) and Bracław voivodeship (extremely incomplete: of 34 towns and 855 villages, Jews live in only 13 towns, 1 townlet and 234 villages; 9,083 Jews, -59.22% vs 1790); town and district rankings; war-related emptying of the south. | Kiev (Zhytomyr powiat) and Bracław, 1791 | Zhytomyr 1791: gains in 15 towns, losses in 4, rankings (Chudniv 1,284, Zhytomyr 1,261, Liubar 776) Bracław 1791: gain only in Krutoe and Ladyzhyn; loss in six towns; district ranking |
| 31 | XXXI | 204-206 | Summary of 1789-1791: fragmentary, so only trends: densest in Bracław (322.15 per town in 1790, 399.35 in 1791) and Zhytomyr (231.92 in 1789, 317.10 in 1791); Jews move from towns to villages in 1789-90 and back to the towns in 1791; hidden Jews only for Lutsk (12.81% of the powiat's Jews; 1.60% in towns, 11.21% in villages) and Volodymyr (9.63%; 3.23% in towns, 6.40% in villages) in 1790. | 1789-1791 | Sentence-level comparison of urban:rural ratio per powiat 1787 vs 1789-91 |
| 32 | XXXII | 206-213 | Causes of 1787-1791 changes: Russo-Turkish war 1787-91, Four-Year Sejm reforms (law on free cities, transfer of royal estates to private hands, Targowica rumours), rumours of a new massacre in 1788-89 (Brodowicz memoir, Dziennik Handlowy), fairs privileges 1787-91 (Porytsk 7 new, Bilylivka 5, Svyniukhy 6 fairs and weekly market, Muravytsia 4, Ladyzhyn 2, Makhnivka 2), Jews of Ovruch in 1788 contracting with townspeople for exclusive trade; peasants' holding land grows; list of villages without Jews by kahal district in 1790 (Bracław voiv. especially: ~150 named places, especially in Chechelnyk, Uman, Holovanivske, Ratov; Volodymyr only empty taverns) and in 1791 (21 towns and 621 villages of Bracław voiv. w/o Jews, by district, e.g. Uman 3 towns + 97 villages); editor ties 1791 emptying to the war; 90 villages in 1790 (150 in 1787). Censuses do NOT report any tavern passing to Christians in Volodymyr powiat except one village (Matseiv). | Southwest region 1787-1791 | Lists of villages free of Jews per kahal district: 1790 (Bracław voiv., Volodymyr) and 1791 (Bracław voiv., with number of Jewless villages per district) |
| 33 | XXXIII | 213-234 (+ signature 'И. Каманинъ'; tables from p. 235) | Remaining questions the editor says he cannot develop (deferred: ratio of Jews to Christians per census, changes of Jewish occupations, sex and age distribution, distribution by families and dwellings, natural increase) and short answers. § 1: Jews vs Christians in 1789-1807 from Moszyński's tables (Brasław deputy to 1789 Sejm) and from the anonymous 'Polen zur Zeit der zwei letzten Theilungen' (1807): table of total pop. and Jews per voivodeship; Jews 3.7-4.9% of total pop., proportional to Christian density. § 2: Jews in the 12 north-western voivodeships 1765: 157,300 vs 131,782 in the four southwestern; Czacki's 900,000 Jews in Poland-Lithuania after 1772 -> southwest = 1/7. § 3-§ 11: the only case study of town structure: Zhytomyr 1789 (Materials docs XL, XLI, XLII; p.598 for the plan): 758 dwelling places (komin = brick-chimneyed house = richer; dym = smoke house without chimney = poorer), Christians vs Jews per house, crowding (4.6 vs 5.95 persons per house), location in trading quarter, sex ratio, married/widowed, sons/daughters (under-1-year infants counted separately), children and births, occupations. § 12: village occupations = shinkarstvo and arenda only; one exceptional Jewish farmer, Sapsa Moshkovich of Kaniv (1786; settled in Hrutovets village, rented a ploughland for one plough; 6 oxen, 3 horses; sowed 10 days winter + 10 days spring; paid 91 zl czynsz to Kaniv starostwo; exempted from Jewish poll tax by the 1775 law - doc XXXII p.489; Czacki counted 14 farming Jewish families in all Poland). § 13: four 18th-century Jewish reform projects (Zamoyski 1780, treasury commission 1788/Czacki, King Stanisław August 1792, anonymous 1792/Pekarski-Maciejowski) - Jews to be farmers, craftsmen or merchants; limits on tavern-keeping (6 years or 50 years). § 14: closing quote of Vladimirsky-Budanov and 12 numbered conclusions. | Zhytomyr town 1789 (docs XL-XLII); Southwest region summary 1765-1791; Poland-Lithuania in general (Czacki) | Voivodeship table: population per Moszyński 1789 / per 'Polen' 1807 (total) / Jews: Kiev 405,765 / 623,645 / 24,734; Volhynia 805,170 / 754,650 / 31,027; Podolia 463,087 / 489,378 / 25,245; Bracław 933,410 / 630,444 / 25,497; total 2,617,432 / 2,498,117 / 106,505 Areas in square miles: Kiev 945, Volhynia 761, Bracław 837, Podolia 264; density per sq. mile (total pop + Jews): Kiev 707.27 (printed; 668,379 should be 648,379), Volhynia 1,032.42, Podolia 1,949.32, Bracław 783.68; Jews % of total: Kiev 3.70, Volhynia 3.94, Podolia 4.90, Bracław 3.88; (Jews as % of Christians: 3.96, 4.11, 5.15, 4.04) Zhytomyr 1789 percent tables in prose: dwellings, sex, marital status, children, occupations (see editor_findings) Total Jews by voivodeship 1765: 21,600 / 51,736 / 38,175 / 20,271 = 131,782; 'in the other years between about 105,000 and below'; the absolute tables by powiat that follow the text (p. 235ff.) are the end matter |